Table of contents 1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-3 Variables and Types of Data 1-4 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1-5 Observational and Experimental Studies 1-6 Uses and Misuses of Statistics 1-7 Computers and Calculators 1-8 Summary 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Organizing Data 2-3 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives 2-4 Other Types of Graphs 2-5 Summary 3 Data Description 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Measures of Central Tendency 3-3 Measures of Variation 3-4 Measures of Position 3-5 Exploratory Data Analysis 3-6 Summary 4 Probability and Counting Rules 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Sample Spaces and Probability 4-3 The Addition Rules for Probability 4-4 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability 4-5 Counting Rules 4-6 Probability and Counting Rules 4-7 Summary 5 Discrete Probability Distributions 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Probability Distributions 5-3 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation 5-4 The Binomial Distribution 5-5 Other Types of Distributions (Optional) 5-6 Summary 6 The Normal Distribution 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Properties of the Normal Distribution 6-3 The Standard Normal Distribution 6-4 Applications of the Normal Distribution 6-5 The Central Limit Theorem 6-6 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 6-7 Summary 7 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean and Sample Size 7-3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean